全球地方化、民族認同與文明衝突

摘　要

全球化以及地方與全球的直接聯繫可能，造成民族國家的疆界毀壞。各種跨國社會空間、地方（社區）的再興起，削弱了民族國家的力量，也使認同複雜化。然而民族國家功能的衰退，並不等於民族主義的終結；認同的複雜化，也未曾使民族屬性不再能作為認同的符碼。跨國社會空間固然瓦解了民族與國家疆域的固定聯繫，但除了「功能性的跨國社會」及「生活風格的跨國社會」，全球化時代中的「跨國民族社會」也正方興未艾，顯示出民族主義強大的跨國凝聚力量。當以民族國家為分析單位的「世界體系」架構逐漸失去適用性時，某些跨國企業也已獲得了真實的跨國性，但主觀上，這些企業仍無法脫離民族國家的符碼。全球化也帶來了關於普世價值觀（「普世人權」）的爭論，北約為解決科索夫問題而攻擊南斯拉夫，即以「人權高於主權」為藉口。然而經過深入的分析，我們便能瞭解，北約攻擊行動的背後主要是美國的帝國主義企圖和歐洲的文明衝突；「普世人權」依然是一個難以在理性對話中建立起來的概念。

關鍵字：全球化、全球地方化、跨國社會空間、民族主義、跨國企業、普世人權


Glocalization, National Identity and the Clash of Civilizations

Abstract

Globalization and the local-global connection cause the declining of borders of nation-states. The rise of different kinds of transnational social spaces and local communities weakens the power of nation-states and makes the identity formation more complex. But the declining of functions of nation-states does not mean the end of nationalism. Nationality is still an important factor by the identity formation. Though transnational social spaces release the solid connection between an ethnic group and a state’s territory, the rising of transnational ethnic societies indicates that ethnic identity or nationalism can also be evolved transnationally. Some multinational companies have gotten a real “transnationality”. But subjectively such a transnational company is still regarded as a company, which belongs to a nation. Globalization causes also debates about the so-called “universal value”. The NATO for example wanted to legitimate their attack against Yugoslavia with the belief “universal human rights”. But our analysis will indicate, the real reasons of NATO’s attack against Yugoslavia include the American imperialism and the cultural conflicts between Eastern and Western Europe. It is still very difficult to build a consensus about the universal human rights.

Keywords: globalization, glocalization, transnational social spaces, nationalism, transnational companies, universal human rights
本文原載《思與言》38-1（2000年3月）：pp. 147-184。
http://140.114.40.209/faculty/trshen/global/comments/12-1.htm